A TNC horse-hiring advertisement. Source: Craigslist. |
For legal purposes, “Transportation
Network Companies” (or TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft are defined as
services that “facilitate rides between passengers and private
drivers using their own
personal vehicles.” Increasingly, however,
drivers for these and similar “ridesharing” platforms will be
driving cars that they have leased or rented.
Last week, Uber announced its Xchange Leasing program, which is designed to expand Uber’s driver pool to
include those who do not have—or do not want to ply for hire
with—their own vehicles. With this leasing program, and a rental
program being piloted in select cities, Uber is taking a step into a
growing phenomenon in the “ridesharing” industry. Numerous
companies, large and small, are renting or leasing cars to drivers to
operate on the Lyft or Uber platform.
This is just another example of the
ways in which “ridesharing” services are recreating aspects of
the taxicab industry. In this case, what is being recreated is a very
old practice—to wit, horse-hiring.
Horse-hiring in a London cabyard. From Vance Thompson, "The London Cabby," 1904. Courtesy of Taxi-Library. |
“Horse-hiring,” as the name
suggests, goes back to the horse-drawn era. A would-be cabdriver, who
lacked their own horse and cab, could rent these—by the shift, day,
week, or month—from a hack company or from a neighborhood livery
stable. The driver would pay the owner a set fee for the vehicle, and
keep the rest of however much money they were able to make during the
period of the lease. As a Parisian cabdriver explained it in 1903:
The day begins at six o'clock. 'Tis then I get my first horse and pay my day––eighteen francs, at present; sometimes the rate is higher, sometimes lower; if it rains the patron puts up the price; if there is a fĂȘte day he puts it up––for the day of the Grand Prix we paid thirty francs this year.... And we do what we can. Here a bourgeois and there a bourgeois and so the day goes. (from Vance Thompson, “The Paris Cabman,” 1903)
Horse-hiring was eclipsed in the
Twentieth Century by the spread of the employee-cabdriver model, in
which companies tracked cab income using the newfangled taximeter,
and split the earnings with drivers (this is one of the reasons why
Uber, which takes 20% to 25% of each fare, is currently faced with
class action lawsuits for treating its “independent contractor”
drivers as employees).
But horse-hiring never completely went
away--though it now involved the rental of cars, not of horses. During the Depression it was often the mode of choice for smaller fleets:
Horsing - horse-hiring - A small fleet owner, with 18 or 20 cabs, hires a driver to take car out, buy his own gas and oil, and pay the company $5.00 a day for the cab. What he makes above this is his own. This practice is called “horsing.” (from Marion Charles Hatch, "Stories, Poems, Jargon of Hack Drivers," 1938).
The
short-term commitment made possible through horse-hiring created a
flexible, intermediate model between the independent driver, who
owned and operated a single cab, and the employee driver who worked
for the big fleets. With the collapse of the employee-driver model in
the 1970s and 1980s, many large fleets turned to horse-hiring; this
led to the independent contractor status shared today by cabdrivers
and “ridesharing” drivers alike.
It was only a matter of time before
horse-hiring emerged in the newest and fastest-growing branch of the
cab industry: ”ridesharing.”
TNC horse-hirers come in all sizes, big
and small. Last summer, I watched the spread of TNC horse-hiring
advertisements in Craigslist’s Jobs-Transport section. First
appearing in San Francisco, these spread rapidly to Los Angeles and
other large Western cities such as Phoenix and Dallas. A larger
horse-hirer with more funding and media coverage is Breeze, which
started in San Francisco and has since spread to five other cities;
other large players include HyreCar, a horse-hiring marketplace
available nation-wide (though spottily), and Flexdrive, a Cox
subsidiary which rents cars to Uber drivers in several Southern
cities.
And now Uber itself is getting into the
game.
For drivers, the attraction of
horse-hiring is clear. As many ridesharing drivers have discovered,
driving your own car as a taxi adds up to a lot of wear and tear on
your personal vehicle. The more miles you drive, the more your car
depreciates in value; an accident could result in painful
out-of-pocket expenses, and put you out of work until your car gets
repaired. Rideshare drivers in many states are still in legal limbo
regarding insurance, unsure of what kind to buy, or how, and often
avoiding the issue by hiding the fact from their insurers that they
drive for hire.
Horse-hiring does away with all of
those problems. Many leases cover maintenance, or even include
insurance; when a vehicle gets worn down, or is involved in an
accident, the lease driver can just switch it for another. Although
renting a car involves a higher up-front cost (these are businesses,
after all), that is a cost the driver knows ahead of time, unlike the
uncertain costs of maintenance, repairs, and insurance claims which
fall in the lap of the owner-driver. Fleet owners enjoy economies of scale over individual car owners; if horse-hiring leases reflect these savings, renting could even be cheaper than owning for TNC drivers. The “ridesharing” movement
has shifted many of the risks of taxi operation onto the drivers;
horse-hiring is a way for drivers to shrug off some of those risks.
This San Francisco horse-hirer offers drivers a range of leasing options. Source: Craigslist. |
Horse-hiring in the TNC world is still
young, and different companies are experimenting with different
versions (longer or shorter term rentals? insurance included or not?
mileage caps or no mileage caps?). However, it can be expected to
grow. This should not be surprising; it is just another way that the
development of the “ridesharing” industry is recreating economic
structures and relationships which have long existed within the cab
industry.
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